Thursday 16 May 2013

Pippilotti Rist - I'm not the girl who misses much.





"In post-production the artist manipulated the video, speeding up and slowing down certain sequences of the footage and soundtrack so that her voice alternates between a high-pitched squeal and a funereal dirge. As Rist sings her energetic dancing causes her breasts to pop out of her dress. She bends and flails her arms and lifts her skirt above her head. She approaches the camera, flashing a wide lipsticked smile. As the soundtrack slows to a low moan, she slides down the wall almost off-camera, then re-emerges as the tempo picks up to a frenetic, cartoon-like pace. The comic sonic manipulations and endless repetition of the title phrase turn the words she is singing into a meaningless mantra.
Rist also modified the colour balance so that some sequences of the video appear as if seen through a red filter while other parts are washed in blue. As the work progresses the horizontal and vertical hold are increasingly distorted, fragmenting the image. A series of juddering freeze frames creates the appearance of a fluctuating line that punctuates the surface of the screen with the rhythmic cadence of a heart monitor. Rist intends these distortions to reflect subjective experience. She has said, ‘In I’m Not the Girl Who Misses Much, the ... use of different speeds is for me an exorcistic dance. When I present things in slow motion, I would say that’s “reality”, because our perception of time is subjective. When you’re nervous, a half hour can feel like an eternity, and when you’re feeling contemplative, it goes so fast. So time is extremely relative’ (quoted in Harris)." - Tate - Rachel Taylor
Pippilotti Rist is an artist that I have looking at due to her vast use of video installations, after I did the off sight exhibition it made me think more about how to show my work and I hate seen her show ‘Eye Ball Massage’ at the Hayward Gallery and she had many different ways of showing her pieces. Her piece “I’m not the girl who misses much’, made me think of the last two videos I have made. The video is heavily edited in postproduction altering the speed and colour and is highly repetitive. She intends these distortions to portray a subjective experience, which is now what I am trying to achieve in my videos.

Wednesday 15 May 2013

Another new tester video




Here I have repeated a clip slowing it down progressively in each repeat. The movement and sound becomes more and more distorted, the movement is emphasised and exaggerated and the sound, especially the laugh turns from something light to something more sinister and disconcerting.




Here again I have slowed down and repeated the clip but also reversed 

New video





This is just another video testing out new footage ideally it would be played really loud and projected on a big screen

I have layered duplicated images and sounds, tested out using left to right panning with the sound, highly saturated it and altered the speed.

Something that I think is a problem with this is it's direct relationship to London and tourism and thats not something I want to necessarily be the focus. It's just that it happens to be that the busiest places seem to be well recognisable places. The location of the film isn't important to me.


Tuesday 14 May 2013

Tutorial

What are the aims, intentions and interests that you are exploring through your practice/written work?


                Starting to use my own footage and editing that, concentrating on clips I have filmed around London. I want to maybe capture how it can sometimes feel a bit overwhelming, isolating, disorientating with so much going on , a bit of a sensory overload maybe.
                So I want to edit the footage I have filmed to emphasize some of these aspects. At the moment this Is all just very experimental and a way to test things out to figure out what I want to concentrate on
Describe three issues in your practical/written work that you need to address and discuss in your tutorial.

    I need to look at some sort of film theory/history – any suggestions.
    How far should I tae the editing?
    Assessment – do I need to put up any photos?
    Any suggestions for further subjects to base films on. 
Agreed Actions (to be completed during or after your tutorial)
·       Look at flicker films again – peter gidal structural film making.
·       Look at more books - materiality of film – expanded film making/ cinema
·       Think about domestic movement , fiction
·       Gregor Scheidner – art angel whitechapel art gallery
·       Psychoanalysis and art. Freud – beyond the pleasure principle.

Monday 13 May 2013

test for sound




Just learning how to make the sound change which side/speaker to come out of. Here I have just made the sound here pan from right to left. 

Things I need to do


  • Look into film theory 
  • learn how to do surround sound on final cut pro
  • try out more experiments with videos 
  • try and get a projector and see how the videos work with that.

Sunday 12 May 2013

new work 2

This is the first kinda experimental video I have developed out of footage I took.





I layered sounds, layered duplicated footage, changed the brightness, contrast, increased the saturation and altered the speed.To try and heighten the disorientation, distortedness, alienation, overwhelmingness on the senses that I'm trying to show/emphasise.

Ideally I would like this to be played projected bigger so it was life size maybe with surrounding screens with projections on it and surround sound to encompass the audience. I would want it really loud so that it wouldn't be a pleasant experience for them and they wouldn't want to spend to much time with the piece. I think also the fact that the is no interaction

I think this is ok for a tester piece but I need to experiment with different footage and editing.

This is very different to my other pieces not just because I have filmed my own footage but because of the way it is filmed. The documentaries I have used the focus is on the person that is being interviewed and documented and the interviewer You are not really aware of the person behind the camera. However due to this being filmed in first person perspective, here you are very aware of the person behind the camera as it seems to be about the camera holder's/characters experience, its where they are looking at, what they are seeing. You get the camera shakes of them walking. Due to this, the audience more closely experiences the 'characters' experience, which is what I want.

Before I have dealt with quite hard hitting and serious issues but for these purposes I haven't, I wanted to start with something simple and see if I could create a similar effect to previous works.


New Work

I have decided that I need to now start making work using own footage rather than documentaries or existing footage. It is something I haven't really tried before in this sort of way and that's why I need to do it. I need to figure out if appropriation is an important part of my work or just something I have done now and need to move on.

I was really worried about taking this new step, scared because it would be totally my own work and in a way meant a lot more work for me. I know I can edit existing footage well. I needed to think of what I wanted to film what it was going to be about and then how I'm going to edit it.

I thought about interviewing interesting people and editing that, but that would mean I would have to think of questions and a person and set up the situation. That wasn't something i really wanted to do. I want to capture something naturally occurring and manipulate that.

I though about just filming things during my day. Maybe weird people and happenings in London. I thought about how sometimes London can seem a bit overwhelming - especially if you're tired, hungover and just having a bad day. There's so many sounds, so many people, so much traffic and it can sometimes bit a bit of a sensory overload that I just want to get away from. This isn't something that I think is a really strong idea or something I feel passionate about but I feel like I just need to start simple and work through things from there. So my next bits of work are really just testing things out and finding potential subjects that I may actually want to focus on. 

I filmed various things just on a hand held device. Here I just took a bit of footage walking down oxford street and sped it up just testing things. I like how with the camera shake from me walking at the people sped up creates a bit of a disorientating feel and slight feeling of motion sickness. 






Friday 26 April 2013

Gordon douglas - Through a looking glass.

Douglas Gordon is very interested in cinema and film.

I saw this piece at Tate Liverpool. It takes a well known scene from the film Taxi Driver where Travis Bickle played by Robert De Niro asks "You talkin' to me ?" Whilst looking into a mirror holding a gun.

This is projected onto dual screens which are placed opposite each other so it appears mirrored. The piece starts synchronised then slowly becomes out of sync so becomes a dialogue between the two screens.

" The two facing images, which begin in sync, progressively fall out of step, echoing the characters loss of control and his mental breakdown. These concordant projected images seem to respond to one another, thus trapping the viewer in cross fire in its almost dizzying play of dualities, through a looking glass perfectly articulates the dialectal inversions, doublings and repetitions that are the central concerns of Gordon's work."

This piece relates to my work due to the use of appropriation and the effects the installation induce on the viewer.
Also I having been thinking a great deal into how to show my work and how this can affect it greatly. I like the use of the 2 screens.

"Déjà-vu uses footage from D.O.A. 1949-50, a Hollywood thriller directed by Rudolph Mateé. The film has been transferred to video and is projected simultaneously on three parallel screens at normal speed as well as slightly faster and slightly slower - 25, 24 and 23 frames per second (left to right). This has the effect of making the three identical narratives diverge increasingly over time, and inducing in the viewer an experience similar to déjà-vu."

This installation reminds me of my use of overlapping and repetitive layers of sound which adds an un nerving element to it. 

The light show - Hayward gallery


Quite a few weeks ago before I did the off-sight exhibition I went the Light Show at the Hayward gallery. It was one of the best exhibitions I have been to in a long time. It was such a great visual experience with such a varying use of light.



This piece is by Olafur Eliasson the camera doesn't capture the strobing very well but gives you an idea. It contains streams of running water and a strobe light, it was such an intense experience and of pitch blackness and shots of bright light revealing these beautiful water features. 

'and his art often gives rise to optically disorientating phenomena, such as flashing stroboscopic lamps, which have the effect of appearing to reverse or immobilise  movement (...) the strobe effect produces an ever-changing landscape of apparently icy festoons and crystal garlands.' 

This installation along with the 'ray gun virus' installation I have talked about previously inspired me to use the flashing elements in my recent video to help create this 'optically disorientating phenomena' 



This piece is by Conrad Shawcross and is in its own self contained room. Their work explores interests to do with sciences, maths, philosophy and cosmology however what really struck me when I experienced this piece what how disorientating it was as it played with your perception as sometimes is seemed like walls were moving, getting closer .etc. It gave me a sort of sea sick feeling.




This piece is by Antony McCall, I spent such a long time in this room not only was the light beautiful with the mist patterns made on the sheets of light and the pattern on the wall but watching people interact with it was fascinating.









My video for exhibition



This is the video playing on 3 screens in the space. I decided on the three screens as it created a bigger impact especially with the flashing and it created a better visual balance for the piece. Also the video playing on the smaller tv started slightly off sync which wasn't that noticeable at the start but as time went on it got further out of sync. This actually worked really well as it was like adding extra layers to the original video, adding to the sensory overload and being bombarded by multiple things at once, the fast pace of the video, the confusion and the the slightly overwhelming relentlessness.  Here you don't quite get how impacting the flashing is but for the exhibition I had to put a warning on the entrance to it about flashing lights. 






This is the video that was played on the screens. Once it gets to the close up of the deep fat frier it plays that on repeat for about 3 minutes or so. I put this bit in for the exhibition as I felt like the video should have breathing space between the intensity and also so my piece in the exhibition didn't dominate everything and take over. I wanted people to be able to enjoy or experience other works without my video blaring out all the time impacting on others work. I originally was going to put tv static in between as I was displaying the video on tvs however I found this bit in the documentary and thought it went well with the theme of the rest of the video and was a nice interlude as it even though it is boiling fat it was quite nice to watch in a slightly mesmerising way and it just has a repeating quiet bubbling noise with it. When we had a the crit a someone in my group thought that, that was just the video as he came when this bit was playing and it was interesting to hear him say how much he liked just that bit playing with the setting I created. This space that I created in-between made the main video part more impacting as the frier is so subdued in comparision. 


The video like previous videos is taken from the documentary , "child anorexic" filmed in rhodes farm where my sister was in hospital for quite a few months. Again like I have said I want to create something that shows/highlights their inner turmoil, confusion, overwhelmingness of the illness and repetitive negative thoughts that creates something disconcerting, attacking of the senses, confrontational and all consuming for the audience to experience. I tried to achieve this through repetition of phrases and clips and flashing.

Something different I tried in this experience was to create a more of an installation as before I have just shown my videos on a screen here. The setting of the bar helped a lot with this as they had the big tv screen and chairs and tables. It would normally be a place where people would sit down and socialise maybe having a drink and something to eat potentially with something on the tv in the background maybe showing a sporting event or music video. So I played on this aspect and used a table and chairs round the screens and served sweets and crisps and nibbles which people were allowed to eat. People sat down with friends eating the food with there drinks or stood up with their drinks eating and then my awful video would come on with the subject on anorexia, I wanted to see how people reacted and I liked the slightly ironic aspect of this. This also mad my work on some level interactive which is something I have never done or thought about really. I liked the engagement people had with my piece as some weren't sure if was with my piece , whether they were allowed to eat the food or if it was just food provided as part of the private view. 

This exhibition has made me think about how I show my work more and thinking about creating more installation pieces instead of just showing a video on a screen. I think the installation aspect creates more of an experience for the work which hlps the concept behind it. 


This is a video of the video playing on two screens which I was experimenting with at home and discovered it worked better than on just one screen. This then lead me to using three screens in the exhibition. 


This is a draft version of the video which I then changed. I tried to blur the girl out a bit more and tweaked some aspects.

Videos are best watched full screen with sound turned up high

These are all the screens shots of my editing.





Saturday 23 March 2013

Off site exhibition.

So in our tutor groups we were given the task of setting up an off site exhibition. We split ourselves up into smaller groups according to what we wanted our exhibition space like. Some people wanted a typical white cube gallery space, some to work with something not so typical and some wanted an outside space. I went into the group of wanting a not so typical gallery space. We came together and discussed various places we could have the exhibition and who would contact these places. 

One place we decided to have a look at was Cable night club under london bridge. It was a great venue that would have been a great challenge to put an exhibition together in and we managed to get about 15 + people that were interested in showing there. Initially we were told we would have to pay a certain amount for the hire which was doable as we had a big group and that we would need to manage to get a certain bar tab on the night. However these fees increased as time went on and it became too much of a financial risk for people so we had to abandon that idea. 

This was our original poster we made for the exhibition at cable. 



We then had little time to arrange a new venue. My friend Jo had worked at a bar called Grand Union Kennington and now worked at the Camden branch and she suggested asking if we could have an exhibition in their upstairs space. They said yes and we managed to get the space for free to have it for one day/evening. It was a lot smaller space than Cable and we thought it was less ambitious but we didn't have time to sort anywhere else. Due to the smaller space we could only have about 5ish people showing in the spaceto give each other enough room. It ended it being me, Joanna Penso, Simone Barnes and Bethany Travis. This worked out to be a nice size group actually and we worked well together as a group.

We decided to curate the show together and when we went to visit it seemed pretty easy to decided where each of our works were to go and decided if that didn't work on the day we set the exhibition up we would just try out a new way.







The upstairs inside part of the bar where we had our exhibition. The doors to the left led our the the outside tent area. 
The bar Grand Union where we had our exhibition in the upstairs bit.

Poster for exhibition 
We came up with the name Off sight exhibition just to play on the task we had been given to have an off site exhibition. Simone designed the posters and came up with a few of options and we went with the one above.

poster option

poster option

On the day of the exhibition we had from 12 o'clock till 5 o'clock to set up the exhibition. We had to remove all the paintings off the wall and and move all the furniture and tables and chairs out apart from the ones we wanted. It was a real push to finish in time for 5 for our crit especially for Jo who had a lot of construction to do.
rough floor plan of our exhibition 
My video installation
drawing of my installation due to poor picture
This is a video of my work it doesn't quite show how impacting the flashing of the work and the dominance it had in the space. I had to make sure I put a warning about flashing lights on the door of the exhibition.




Beth's work of a video of alive sperm in semen. 
Video of Beth's work showing alive sperm in semen and dead sperm in semen growing bacteria.




This is one of three of Simone's drawings. Her three drawings document her standing on shoes that she had attached stilts onto the bottom so they were really tall and hard to balance on. She also showed the shoes she had made for this exhibition. This photo doesn't show them very well as I didn't have a flash on my camera and I should have brought a proper camera to document the exhibition better.




These are videos of Jo's work she made a corridor from wood and black fabric and set up a motion sensor light behind two fish bowls full of water, so when a person when through the light turned on and created a rippling effect on the opposite fabric 'wall'.

At 5 o' clock we had our tutor group and tutor come to look round our exhibition and have a crit. I always struggle with our crits as our group isn't the most talkative and it's sometimes really hard to get people to talk and make any sort of comment and its generally the same people that only talk which includes me and Jo. However we got some good feedback and discussed each of our works and how they worked in the space and how we set up the  exhibition. They commented on how:


  • the amount of works in the space works well as they all have enough breathing space so they are not competing for attention  and that it seems well balanced. 
  • My piece is what impacts you first when you enter the room as its what hits you when you walk in if the main video bit is playing. It sets the tone for the rest of the exhibition as it was generally what people encountered first. 
  • the whole exhibition makes you aware of your body and references your physicality (which is something we hadn't realised before) due to the use of eating disorders in my piece and the food on offer to eat whilst watching the videos, Simone's work relating to physical movement of her body trying to balance on the shoes, Beth's semen which is a bodily fluid, and Jo's work that responds to your bodies presence. 
  • the exhibition has some sort of extreme distorted element to it which echos the potential over indulgence, hedonism, alcoholicness of the bar and added to the unsettling effect of some of the works. 





Sunday 17 March 2013

Mind Fuck

I went to Bruce Nauman's Mind Fuck exhibition at Hauser & Wirth a few weeks ago.

'The artist once stated that he wished to make ‘art that was just there all at once…like getting hit in the back of the neck with a baseball bat’.'

This exhibition shows works focusing on his interests of , life, death, sex, agression, language and psychoanalysis.



This room you had to squeeze through a gap t get through and out making you feel like your trapped a bit in this green hell. I went with my friend Jo and I can't tell you how awful she looked green. It was like having been abducted by aliens or something. Waking up and not knowing where you are in this strange surreal green world where you are conscious there is no easy escape.


This is made based on casts from taxidermy animals. They are dragged round in a lifeless way or like they have just given in or up to the monotonous circle they are tracing.  "endless chase" "wearily rotating" . Originally the objects are meant to scrape and drag along the concrete floor making a screeching noise however they now scuff against MDF. This is in attempt to conserve the piece. I think it would have been a lot more effective without the MDF as it would have been a much more painful experience. 

 Here the neons flack on on of changing between men and woman, mouths open and mouths closed. constant changing, nothings stable or steady about it.

This is Good boy, Bad Boy, I originally saw this in video form at Tate Liverpool. Here it is in neon form constantly flashing on and of changing the amount of information shown not leaving really any time in-between to reflect on each statement shown, you're strait on to the next one. Or if your given more than one phrase it's hard to manage to read them all at once. It's really bright assaulting your eyes.  

'Nauman has used the medium of lights and bright colours to create an unsettling vision for the viewer, akin to bouts of psychosis and mangling of the mind, looking to dream interpretation as a huge influence. His work sprang out of an era of popularity in Gestalt therapy and behaviourism, of observation over symbolism, creating a body of work that pushes the viewer into an uncomfortable position as observer of human action.'

Nauman is such an important artist to me as in many ways he wants to achieve what I want to achieve through my work. The unsettling vision for the viewer, the mangling or the mind, pushing the viewer into an uncomfortable position, something that is like being hit in the back by a baseball bat. 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/video/2013/jan/30/bruce-nauman-art-video-review  

Thursday 14 March 2013

Essay - Issues of authorship and originality in relation to the use of appropriation in contemporary art.

This is my essay I wrote I where I set the question and initiated my own research behind it. I choose tis subject as it addresses issues surrounding my work.


Issues of authorship and originality in relation to the use of appropriation in contemporary art.

Appropriation artist’s use of other artist’s works and sources brings up issues and questions surrounding the notions of authorship and originality. It has been said that appropriation artist’s authorship relation to their work appears compromised from the very start due to the inclusion of other people’s works. Some appropriation artists themselves have also declared that there is no such thing as originality, particularly traditional notions of originality in an age of technical innovation and easy reproduction.

Appropriation is a practice that goes back far in history for different purposes. Albrecht Durer originally set the paradigm for what a Rhinoceros looked like for people in Europe who had never seen one before. He made a drawing of a Rhinoceros from vague sketches and a description; this drawing became the set image for rhinoceroses in his work and other artist’s works that wanted to include a rhinoceros. However with these artist’s works there didn’t appear to be a problem of authorship and originality with their inclusion of Durer’s rhinoceros as they were just seen as using the accepted depiction of rhinoceros.

Artists such as Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque in the early twentieth century appropriated images from newspapers in their cubist collages. Issues of authorship with these works weren’t as apparent as more recent artists that are classified under the umbrella of appropriation artists. Authorship and originality became more of an issue as artists started to use appropriation in more extreme ways in some cases as a way to directly challenge these terms. Elaine Sturtevant took appropriation art to more extreme levels; she replicated artist’s work such as Andy Warhol, Claes Oldenburg, Roy Lichtenstein and Marcel Duchamp through the process they were originally created. Her works tip traditional ideas of originality and authorship on its head.

Roland Barthes  (1) tells us that to impose an author on a work is to impose a limit on the work. He says ‘the birth of the reader must be ransomed by the death of the Author.’ Sherrie Irvine (2005) asks “The work of the appropriation artists, which continues into the present, might well be thought to support the idea that the author is dead: in taking freely from the works of other artists, they seem to ask, with Foucault, ‘What difference does it make who is speaking?’” Through the use of appropriation the author may appear to be dead however the importance of the author seems more apparent and although the author may be challenged, it is not dead.

This is particularly evident in Sherrie Levine’s Work where she photographed Walker Evans’ photographs from an exhibition catalogue and re-presented them in an exhibition as her work. Here the author of the work becomes very important to establish, as knowing the author completely changes your understanding and reading of it. In visual terms the works of Walker Evans and the appropriated images of Evans’ photos by Sherrie Levine are the same. However they have been through different processes and were made under different intentions and contexts. Walker Evans was documenting the effects of the great depression and had to consider and work through issues and concerns, such as composition, lighting, the subject and so forth. Whereas Levine has re-photographed his photos to make a commentary on photographic reproduction, artistic originality, authorship and authenticity. “[She] wanted it understood that she was flatly questioning questioning-no, flatly undermining-those most hallowed principles of art in the modern era: originality, intention, expression” (Rimanelli, David, 1994). Levine creates a whole new concept for ‘Evans’’ photographs, they wouldn’t be considered as new works and this concept wouldn’t be apparent if the author was not known and recognized as we would just assume they were Evans’ images. So we can see here for the reader (audience) to be empowered it does make an important difference as to who is speaking.

On the other hand With Pierre Bismuth’s piece ‘Blue Monk in Progress’ the issue of the author comes across in a different way. He used a Yamaha Disclavier piano that can record a player’s performance and then recite it back. Pierre Bismuth used this to record him learning to play Thelonious Monk’s piano piece ‘Blue Monk’. He then had this performance written as musical notation with all the errors, which he then got a professional pianist to play on the Disclavier piano. The pianist played the piece according to the musical score like the errors of Bismuth were intentional and were meant to be in the piece. The final work that was exhibited was of the Disclavier playing back what the pianist had played on it.

In this piece of work the authorship can be interpreted in different ways. Is Bismuth the author as he was the one who’s idea it was to do this piece of work and organize it? Is Thelonious Monk the author, as his piece ‘Blue Monk’ is a key part and center of the work? Is the Pianist the author as it is their recording recital that is played? Is the Disclavier piano the author, as it is the disclavier that when it comes down to it, when the work is exhibited, that actually plays the piece? Or is it a combination of all of them? This piece may be seen to have different authors, that may be disputed but establishing the author and knowing who is speaking here may not be so important compared to Sherrie Levines work. Knowing the process of the work and leaving it to the audience to decipher and interpret is more interesting.


As we can see with Bismuth’s work there is some debate as to who actually is the author when an artist’s work consists of other peoples work. Normally artists are held responsible for every aspect and decision made within their work. However when an artist appropriates someone else’s artwork they are not responsible for every feature, as someone else has created them through their decisions.  This questions the work’s author and the originality of the new work, as it does not wholly originate with the ‘new’ artist. Although large parts of appropriations works may not originally be features created by the appropriation artist it doesn’t mean necessarily that they are not the authors of the new work or that it is not original.

 Elaine Sturtevant makes a point about her work and the issue of copying, “There’s a big difference in repeating in the sense of Deleuze, and copying. Firstly, a copy must be absolutely of the same intention as the original, whereas my work deals with an interior movement, and repetition as difference.” (OBRIST, HANS ULRICH, 2009.) This can be applied to other appropriation artists works to when arguing who is the author. The different processes, intention, context and transformation of the appropriated work establish the work as something substantially different from the original and so asserts the authorship of the creator of the appropriated work. This shows how Sherrie Levine is the author of her work, as even though her work of appropriated images by Walker Evans are visually the same as Walker Evans’ originals, Levine is the author of her work as she created the work with new intentions and concepts that’s originate with her. Further more society has accepted such appropriation artists as the author of their work and they have been recognized and have received awards as successful artists. Elizabeth Price recently won the 2012 Turner Prize for her piece ‘The Woolworths choir of 1979’ which was made up of appropriated archival footage edited into the award winning piece. Also many appropriation artists have had exhibitions and have their work held at prestigious institutions, which wouldn’t have happened if the artist weren’t taken seriously as the authors of their work.

Appropriation may ‘copy’ other artist’s work but it isn’t forgery. John Myatt painted copies by famous painters such as Monet and originally sold them as ‘genuine fakes’. However with the help of John Drewe he realised he could sell them as the genuine article for a lot more money. He created over 200 fakes that were sold but they were both found out, were convicted and spent time in prison. Myatt now has returned to selling his paintings as genuine fakes. Here we can see that forgery differs from appropriation as the forger tries to pass their work off as the original work for financial gain, not artistic purposes.

Even though appropriation isn’t forgery there are still cases where the law gets involved where copyright is concerned. There is a fair use act for the use of other people’s copyrighted work. If a work is deemed transformative it is not seem to be in breech of copyright, however what is considered as transformative is disputable. Jeff Koons was sued for his use of Art Rogers’ photo of a man and woman holding some puppies called ‘Puppies’. Koons instructed Italian artisans to make a 3d sculptural replication of the image entitled ‘String of Puppies’. “Koons claimed that artistic freedom would be abrogated if artists could not make parodies or create work that somehow showed the influence of other artists.” (Grant, Daniel, 2012) The court ruled against Koons deeming that the piece didn’t parody the original work. Even though this piece of work may have not parodied the original work it was transformative and original, seen as the medium was changed and it was made into a 3d work which didn’t look exactly the same as the photo and would have been experienced in a completely different way. In the artistic world the change of medium would have been considered as transformative but the ordinary viewer has to be able to see it as transformative and that was not apparent in this case.

Some philosophers have proposed that originality be understood in relation to the properties of a work. “Frank Sibley (1985) equates originality with "novelty," and he analyzes various senses of originality in terms of the properties of the work, namely, that it "differs from anything previously existing in relevant ways."”(Van Camp, Julie C, 2007) Returning to koons’ work, his work may not have been seen transformative enough but according to this it is original as it differs from anything previously existing as his work features in a form that the photo had not existed in before, which then would have created a new experience of the work.

James Elkins focuses exclusively on properties of works in relation to others, a work is original if it has one of these senses. “First, what he calls "originary," are works "that appear to be without antecedent" (…) This seems to approximate "novelty" in the sense of being historically first, dependent on placing the work in a historical context as the first to demonstrate a certain trait. The second sense, "primacy," "refers mostly to itself," and also seems to connote novelty as a historical fact. (…) The third, "uniqueness," refers to the qualities that distinguish an object from copies” (Van Camp, Julie C, 2007)

If we take this definition or originality we can see how appropriation art can be considered as original. Taking example from Sherrie Levine’s work again we can see that her work is original, as in a historical context she was one of the first to appropriate in such an extreme way in photographing someone else’s photography and the result being visually the same as the original photographers images. Furthermore her work identifies with the third sense, as her works are distinguishable from Evan’s photos as they posses different qualities, primarily concept.

This shows that originality does still exist and here we can see that a work of art, in particular appropriation art, may not be original in the traditional sense but can be original in a new sense. All work is derivative somehow of other things but it is the new qualities that an appropriation artists adds to a work that can make it original. This also applies to them asserting their authorship on their work, as they are the creators of something new and this shows that the author can still be important to a piece of work.



Bibliography


Baudrillard, Jean, 1983, Simulations, Semiotext(e) Foreign agents sense, New York,

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